ERC721

The ERC721 token standard is a specification for non-fungible tokens, or more colloquially: NFTs. token::erc721::ERC721Component provides an approximation of EIP-721 in Cairo for Starknet.

Usage

Using Contracts for Cairo, constructing an ERC721 contract requires integrating both ERC721Component and SRC5Component. The contract should also set up the constructor to initialize the token’s name, symbol, and interface support. Here’s an example of a basic contract:

#[starknet::contract]
mod MyNFT {
    use openzeppelin_introspection::src5::SRC5Component;
    use openzeppelin_token::erc721::{ERC721Component, ERC721HooksEmptyImpl};
    use starknet::ContractAddress;

    component!(path: ERC721Component, storage: erc721, event: ERC721Event);
    component!(path: SRC5Component, storage: src5, event: SRC5Event);

    // ERC721 Mixin
    #[abi(embed_v0)]
    impl ERC721MixinImpl = ERC721Component::ERC721MixinImpl<ContractState>;
    impl ERC721InternalImpl = ERC721Component::InternalImpl<ContractState>;

    #[storage]
    struct Storage {
        #[substorage(v0)]
        erc721: ERC721Component::Storage,
        #[substorage(v0)]
        src5: SRC5Component::Storage
    }

    #[event]
    #[derive(Drop, starknet::Event)]
    enum Event {
        #[flat]
        ERC721Event: ERC721Component::Event,
        #[flat]
        SRC5Event: SRC5Component::Event
    }

    #[constructor]
    fn constructor(
        ref self: ContractState,
        recipient: ContractAddress
    ) {
        let name = "MyNFT";
        let symbol = "NFT";
        let base_uri = "https://api.example.com/v1/";
        let token_id = 1;

        self.erc721.initializer(name, symbol, base_uri);
        self.erc721.mint(recipient, token_id);
    }
}

Interface

The following interface represents the full ABI of the Contracts for Cairo ERC721Component. The interface includes the IERC721 standard interface and the optional IERC721Metadata interface.

To support older token deployments, as mentioned in Dual interfaces, the component also includes implementations of the interface written in camelCase.

#[starknet::interface]
pub trait ERC721ABI {
    // IERC721
    fn balance_of(account: ContractAddress) -> u256;
    fn owner_of(token_id: u256) -> ContractAddress;
    fn safe_transfer_from(
        from: ContractAddress,
        to: ContractAddress,
        token_id: u256,
        data: Span<felt252>
    );
    fn transfer_from(from: ContractAddress, to: ContractAddress, token_id: u256);
    fn approve(to: ContractAddress, token_id: u256);
    fn set_approval_for_all(operator: ContractAddress, approved: bool);
    fn get_approved(token_id: u256) -> ContractAddress;
    fn is_approved_for_all(owner: ContractAddress, operator: ContractAddress) -> bool;

    // IERC721Metadata
    fn name() -> ByteArray;
    fn symbol() -> ByteArray;
    fn token_uri(token_id: u256) -> ByteArray;

    // IERC721CamelOnly
    fn balanceOf(account: ContractAddress) -> u256;
    fn ownerOf(tokenId: u256) -> ContractAddress;
    fn safeTransferFrom(
        from: ContractAddress,
        to: ContractAddress,
        tokenId: u256,
        data: Span<felt252>
    );
    fn transferFrom(from: ContractAddress, to: ContractAddress, tokenId: u256);
    fn setApprovalForAll(operator: ContractAddress, approved: bool);
    fn getApproved(tokenId: u256) -> ContractAddress;
    fn isApprovedForAll(owner: ContractAddress, operator: ContractAddress) -> bool;

    // IERC721MetadataCamelOnly
    fn tokenURI(tokenId: u256) -> ByteArray;
}

ERC721 compatibility

Although Starknet is not EVM compatible, this implementation aims to be as close as possible to the ERC721 standard. This implementation does, however, include a few notable differences such as:

  • interface_ids are hardcoded and initialized by the constructor. The hardcoded values derive from Starknet’s selector calculations. See the Introspection docs.

  • safe_transfer_from can only be expressed as a single function in Cairo as opposed to the two functions declared in EIP721, because function overloading is currently not possible in Cairo. The difference between both functions consists of accepting data as an argument. safe_transfer_from by default accepts the data argument which is interpreted as Span<felt252>. If data is not used, simply pass an empty array.

  • ERC721 utilizes SRC5 to declare and query interface support on Starknet as opposed to Ethereum’s EIP165. The design for SRC5 is similar to OpenZeppelin’s ERC165Storage.

  • IERC721Receiver compliant contracts return a hardcoded interface ID according to Starknet selectors (as opposed to selector calculation in Solidity).

Token transfers

This library includes transfer_from and safe_transfer_from to transfer NFTs. If using transfer_from, the caller is responsible to confirm that the recipient is capable of receiving NFTs or else they may be permanently lost. The safe_transfer_from method mitigates this risk by querying the recipient contract’s interface support.

Usage of safe_transfer_from prevents loss, though the caller must understand this adds an external call which potentially creates a reentrancy vulnerability.

Receiving tokens

In order to be sure a non-account contract can safely accept ERC721 tokens, said contract must implement the IERC721Receiver interface. The recipient contract must also implement the SRC5 interface which, as described earlier, supports interface introspection.

IERC721Receiver

#[starknet::interface]
pub trait IERC721Receiver {
    fn on_erc721_received(
        operator: ContractAddress,
        from: ContractAddress,
        token_id: u256,
        data: Span<felt252>
    ) -> felt252;
}

Implementing the IERC721Receiver interface exposes the on_erc721_received method. When safe methods such as safe_transfer_from and safe_mint are called, they invoke the recipient contract’s on_erc721_received method which must return the IERC721Receiver interface ID. Otherwise, the transaction will fail.

For information on how to calculate interface IDs, see Computing the interface ID.

Creating a token receiver contract

The Contracts for Cairo IERC721ReceiverImpl already returns the correct interface ID for safe token transfers. To integrate the IERC721Receiver interface into a contract, simply include the ABI embed directive to the implementation and add the initializer in the contract’s constructor. Here’s an example of a simple token receiver contract:

#[starknet::contract]
mod MyTokenReceiver {
    use openzeppelin_introspection::src5::SRC5Component;
    use openzeppelin_token::erc721::ERC721ReceiverComponent;
    use starknet::ContractAddress;

    component!(path: ERC721ReceiverComponent, storage: erc721_receiver, event: ERC721ReceiverEvent);
    component!(path: SRC5Component, storage: src5, event: SRC5Event);

    // ERC721Receiver Mixin
    #[abi(embed_v0)]
    impl ERC721ReceiverMixinImpl = ERC721ReceiverComponent::ERC721ReceiverMixinImpl<ContractState>;
    impl ERC721ReceiverInternalImpl = ERC721ReceiverComponent::InternalImpl<ContractState>;

    #[storage]
    struct Storage {
        #[substorage(v0)]
        erc721_receiver: ERC721ReceiverComponent::Storage,
        #[substorage(v0)]
        src5: SRC5Component::Storage
    }

    #[event]
    #[derive(Drop, starknet::Event)]
    enum Event {
        #[flat]
        ERC721ReceiverEvent: ERC721ReceiverComponent::Event,
        #[flat]
        SRC5Event: SRC5Component::Event
    }

    #[constructor]
    fn constructor(ref self: ContractState) {
        self.erc721_receiver.initializer();
    }
}

Storing ERC721 URIs

Token URIs were previously stored as single field elements prior to Cairo v0.2.5. ERC721Component now stores only the base URI as a ByteArray and the full token URI is returned as the ByteArray concatenation of the base URI and the token ID through the token_uri method. This design mirrors OpenZeppelin’s default Solidity implementation for ERC721.

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