Math

This document is better viewed at https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/api/math

These are math-related utilities.

Libraries

SafeMath

Wrappers over Solidity’s arithmetic operations with added overflow checks.

Arithmetic operations in Solidity wrap on overflow. This can easily result in bugs, because programmers usually assume that an overflow raises an error, which is the standard behavior in high level programming languages. SafeMath restores this intuition by reverting the transaction when an operation overflows.

Using this library instead of the unchecked operations eliminates an entire class of bugs, so it’s recommended to use it always.

Functions

tryAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) → bool, uint256 internal

Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, with an overflow flag.

Available since v3.4.

trySub(uint256 a, uint256 b) → bool, uint256 internal

Returns the substraction of two unsigned integers, with an overflow flag.

Available since v3.4.

tryMul(uint256 a, uint256 b) → bool, uint256 internal

Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, with an overflow flag.

Available since v3.4.

tryDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) → bool, uint256 internal

Returns the division of two unsigned integers, with a division by zero flag.

Available since v3.4.

tryMod(uint256 a, uint256 b) → bool, uint256 internal

Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers, with a division by zero flag.

Available since v3.4.

add(uint256 a, uint256 b) → uint256 internal

Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, reverting on overflow.

Counterpart to Solidity’s + operator.

Requirements:

  • Addition cannot overflow.

sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) → uint256 internal

Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting on overflow (when the result is negative).

Counterpart to Solidity’s - operator.

Requirements:

  • Subtraction cannot overflow.

mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) → uint256 internal

Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, reverting on overflow.

Counterpart to Solidity’s * operator.

Requirements:

  • Multiplication cannot overflow.

div(uint256 a, uint256 b) → uint256 internal

Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers, reverting on division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.

Counterpart to Solidity’s / operator. Note: this function uses a revert opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).

Requirements:

  • The divisor cannot be zero.

mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) → uint256 internal

Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo), reverting when dividing by zero.

Counterpart to Solidity’s % operator. This function uses a revert opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).

Requirements:

  • The divisor cannot be zero.

sub(uint256 a, uint256 b, string errorMessage) → uint256 internal

Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting with custom message on overflow (when the result is negative).

This function is deprecated because it requires allocating memory for the error message unnecessarily. For custom revert reasons use trySub.

Counterpart to Solidity’s - operator.

Requirements:

  • Subtraction cannot overflow.

div(uint256 a, uint256 b, string errorMessage) → uint256 internal

Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers, reverting with custom message on division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.

This function is deprecated because it requires allocating memory for the error message unnecessarily. For custom revert reasons use tryDiv.

Counterpart to Solidity’s / operator. Note: this function uses a revert opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).

Requirements:

  • The divisor cannot be zero.

mod(uint256 a, uint256 b, string errorMessage) → uint256 internal

Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo), reverting with custom message when dividing by zero.

This function is deprecated because it requires allocating memory for the error message unnecessarily. For custom revert reasons use tryMod.

Counterpart to Solidity’s % operator. This function uses a revert opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).

Requirements:

  • The divisor cannot be zero.

SignedSafeMath

Signed math operations with safety checks that revert on error.

Functions

mul(int256 a, int256 b) → int256 internal

Returns the multiplication of two signed integers, reverting on overflow.

Counterpart to Solidity’s * operator.

Requirements:

  • Multiplication cannot overflow.

div(int256 a, int256 b) → int256 internal

Returns the integer division of two signed integers. Reverts on division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.

Counterpart to Solidity’s / operator. Note: this function uses a revert opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).

Requirements:

  • The divisor cannot be zero.

sub(int256 a, int256 b) → int256 internal

Returns the subtraction of two signed integers, reverting on overflow.

Counterpart to Solidity’s - operator.

Requirements:

  • Subtraction cannot overflow.

add(int256 a, int256 b) → int256 internal

Returns the addition of two signed integers, reverting on overflow.

Counterpart to Solidity’s + operator.

Requirements:

  • Addition cannot overflow.

Math

Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.

Functions

max(uint256 a, uint256 b) → uint256 internal

Returns the largest of two numbers.

min(uint256 a, uint256 b) → uint256 internal

Returns the smallest of two numbers.

average(uint256 a, uint256 b) → uint256 internal

Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards zero.

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